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<article data-uid="Glossary-MachiningStep">
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<h1 id="glossary-machining-step">Glossary: Machining Step</h1>
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<h2 id="what-is-a-machining-step">What Is a Machining Step?</h2>
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<p>A <strong>MachiningStep</strong> (<a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningSteps.MachiningStep.html">MachiningStep</a>) is a single computation unit in the HiNC simulation. By default, one step corresponds to one spindle revolution, but this interval is configurable via the <a href="../../workflows/basic-simulation.html">Basic Simulation</a> workflow.</p>
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<p>Each step contains data for the <strong>time interval</strong> between two consecutive steps (from the previous step to the current step). Since this represents a period rather than an instant, many fields are simplified representations using prefixes like Average (Avg), Extremes (Min, Max), Range (Delta), and Maximum Absolute Value (MaxAbs).</p>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="key-properties">Key Properties</h2>
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<p>The table below summarizes the primary step output fields. For the complete reference, see <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningSteps.MachiningStep.html">MachiningStep</a>.</p>
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<h3 id="basic-source-information">Basic Source Information</h3>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Property</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>FileNo</code> / <code>LineNo</code> / <code>FilePath</code> / <code>LineText</code></td>
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<td>Source NC file and line information</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>StepIndex</code></td>
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<td>Step sequence index</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>ToolId</code></td>
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<td>Active tool ID</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>FlagsText</code></td>
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<td>Active G-code modal flags</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h3 id="time-and-motion">Time and Motion</h3>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Property</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>AccumulatedTime</code></td>
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<td>Accumulated simulation time</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>StepDuration</code></td>
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<td>Duration of this step</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>BeginSpindleAngle_deg</code></td>
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<td>Spindle angle at step start</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>Cl</code> (X, Y, Z, I, J, K)</td>
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<td>Cutter location point and tool axis vector</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>MC</code> (X, Y, Z, A, B, C)</td>
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<td>Machine coordinates</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>Feedrate_mmdmin</code></td>
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<td>Feed rate (mm/min)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>SpindleSpeed_rpm</code></td>
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<td>Spindle speed (RPM)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>FeedPerTooth_mm</code> / <code>FeedPerCycle_mm</code></td>
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<td>Feed per tooth / per cycle</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>MovingLength_mm</code></td>
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<td>Displacement length</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h3 id="cutting-engagement">Cutting Engagement</h3>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Property</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>IsTouched</code></td>
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<td>Whether cutting engagement occurred</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>CuttingWidth_mm</code> (ae)</td>
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<td>Cutting width</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>CuttingDepth_mm</code> (ap)</td>
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<td>Cutting depth</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>Mrr_mm3ds</code></td>
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<td>Material removal rate</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>ChipThickness_mm</code></td>
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<td>Chip thickness</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>ChipVolume_mm3</code></td>
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<td>Chip volume</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h3 id="force-and-torque">Force and Torque</h3>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Property</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>AvgForceToToolOnToolRunningCoordinate_N</code></td>
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<td>Average force on tool (X, Y, Z)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>MaxAbsForce_N</code></td>
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<td>Maximum absolute force</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>AvgAbsTorque_Nm</code></td>
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<td>Average absolute torque</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h3 id="power-and-energy">Power and Energy</h3>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Property</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>SpindleInputPower_W</code></td>
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<td>Spindle input power</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>SpindleOutputPower_W</code></td>
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<td>Spindle output power (after efficiency losses)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>MaxSpindlePowerRatio</code></td>
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<td>Input power / max spindle power capability</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>AccumulatedSpindleEnergyConsumption_kWh</code></td>
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<td>Accumulated energy consumption</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h3 id="thermal">Thermal</h3>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Property</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>CutterDermisTemperature_C</code></td>
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<td>Cutter surface temperature</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>WorkpieceDermisTemperature_C</code></td>
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<td>Workpiece surface temperature</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>ChipTemperature_C</code></td>
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<td>Chip temperature</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>ThermalStress_MPa</code> / <code>ThermalYieldRatio</code></td>
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<td>Thermal stress and yield ratio</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h3 id="wear-and-deflection">Wear and Deflection</h3>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Property</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>AccumulatedCraterWear_um</code></td>
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<td>Accumulated crater wear</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>AccumulatedFlankWearDepth_um</code> / <code>Width_um</code></td>
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<td>Accumulated flank wear</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>ReCutDepth_um</code></td>
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<td>Re-cut depth from tool deflection</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="registering-custom-step-variables">Registering Custom Step Variables</h2>
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<p>Beyond default properties, you can register custom step variables using <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningProcs.RuntimeApi.html#Hi_MachiningProcs_RuntimeApi_RegisterStepVariable_">RegisterStepVariable</a>:</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-csharp">RegisterStepVariable(
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"ChipVolume", // key
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"Chip Volume", // display name
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"mm3", // unit
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"F2", // format string
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(step) => step.ChipVolume_mm3 // value function
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);
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PlayNcFile("NC/file1.nc");
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</code></pre>
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<p>Parameters:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>key</strong>: Unique identifier</li>
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<li><strong>name</strong>: Display name (shown in UI)</li>
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<li><strong>unit</strong>: Physical unit (can be null)</li>
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<li><strong>formatString</strong>: .NET numeric format string (can be null)</li>
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<li><strong>variableFunction</strong>: Lambda that computes the value from a step (can be null)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Registered variables appear in the UI and in output files from <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningProcs.RuntimeApi.html#Hi_MachiningProcs_RuntimeApi_WriteStepFiles_">WriteStepFiles</a>.</p>
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<h3 id="indexer-access">Indexer Access</h3>
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<p>Use the <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningSteps.MachiningStep.html#Hi_MachiningSteps_MachiningStep_Item_System_String_">this[string]</a> indexer to read/write custom data on a step:</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-csharp">SessionStepBuilt += (preStep, curStep) => {
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if (curStep != null)
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curStep["MyCustomField"] = someCalculation();
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};
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</code></pre>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="accessing-step-data">Accessing Step Data</h2>
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<h3 id="getmillingstep">GetMillingStep</h3>
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<p><a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningProcs.RuntimeApi.html#Hi_MachiningProcs_RuntimeApi_GetMillingStep_">GetMillingStep</a> retrieves a step by index:</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-csharp">var step = GetMillingStep(100);
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if (step != null)
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{
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Message($"ToolId={step.ToolId}, Force={step.MaxAbsForce_N} N");
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}
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</code></pre>
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<h3 id="stepcount">StepCount</h3>
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<p><a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningProcs.RuntimeApi.html#Hi_MachiningProcs_RuntimeApi_StepCount">StepCount</a> returns the total number of steps:</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-csharp">Message($"Total steps: {StepCount}");
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</code></pre>
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<h3 id="iterating-all-steps">Iterating All Steps</h3>
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<pre><code class="lang-csharp">for (int i = 0; i < StepCount; i++)
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{
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var step = GetMillingStep(i);
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// process step...
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}
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</code></pre>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="step-output-files">Step Output Files</h2>
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<p>Steps can be exported to CSV using <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningProcs.RuntimeApi.html#Hi_MachiningProcs_RuntimeApi_WriteStepFiles_">WriteStepFiles</a>:</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-csharp">WriteStepFiles("Output/[NcName].step.csv");
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</code></pre>
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<p>The CSV contains all default properties plus any registered custom variables. The file can be read back with <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningProcs.RuntimeApi.html#Hi_MachiningProcs_RuntimeApi_PlayCsvFile_">PlayCsvFile</a>.</p>
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<p>For waveform-level data (sub-step time resolution), use <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningProcs.RuntimeApi.html#Hi_MachiningProcs_RuntimeApi_WriteShotFiles_">WriteShotFiles</a>:</p>
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<pre><code class="lang-csharp">WriteShotFiles("Output/[NcName].shot.csv", 1); // 1 ms time resolution
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</code></pre>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="dynamically-registered-variables-training">Dynamically Registered Variables (Training)</h2>
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<p>After executing <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningProcs.RuntimeApi.html#Hi_MachiningProcs_RuntimeApi_TrainMillingPara_">TrainMillingPara</a> or <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningProcs.RuntimeApi.html#Hi_MachiningProcs_RuntimeApi_ReTrainMillingPara_">ReTrainMillingPara</a>, two additional step variables are automatically registered for steps within the training region:</p>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Variable</th>
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<th>Description</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>TrainingErrRatio</code></td>
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<td>Error metric between simulation and measurement for each step</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>AngleOffset</code></td>
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<td>Cutter rotation phase difference between measured and simulated data</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<hr>
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<h2 id="see-also">See Also</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="step-intro.html">Simulation Step</a> — concept definition</li>
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<li><a href="step-output.html">Simulation Step Output</a> — complete field reference</li>
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<li><a class="xref" href="runtime-api.html">Glossary: RuntimeApi Quick-Reference</a> — RuntimeApi quick-reference</li>
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<li><a class="xref" href="../../workflows/basic-simulation.html">Workflow: Basic Machining Simulation</a> — simulation workflow producing steps</li>
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<li><a class="xref" href="../../workflows/force-training.html">Workflow: Milling Force Parameter Training</a> — training workflow that adds step variables</li>
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</ul>
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</article>
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