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<title>Coolant Model | HiAPI-C# 2025 </title>
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<article data-uid="Technique-CoolantModel">
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<h1 id="coolant-model">Coolant Model</h1>
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<p>What the cutting-zone cooling actually does to the simulation. The chosen condition lives on
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<a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.Physics.CoolantHeatCondition.html">CoolantHeatCondition</a><small>(API)</small> and is consumed by
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<a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.Physics.MillingTemperatureUtil.html">MillingTemperatureUtil</a><small>(API)</small> every simulation step, which is why the
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NC program's own coolant M-codes, not a single setting, decide the coefficient in force at any
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moment.</p>
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<p>Ordered from what selects a coefficient, through what the shipped presets set and what each field
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means, to how the condition is stored.</p>
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<h2 id="nc-program-drives-the-mode">NC program drives the mode</h2>
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<p>The parser reads M07/M08/M09 into <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.Numerical.CoolantMode.html">CoolantMode</a><small>(API)</small> and carries it on every <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.MachiningSteps.MachineMotionStep.html">MachineMotionStep</a><small>(API)</small>. The FEM picks the effective convection coefficient at run time from that mode.</p>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>M-code</th>
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<th><code>CoolantMode</code></th>
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<th>Coefficient source</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>M08</code></td>
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<td><code>Flood</code></td>
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<td><code>CoolantConvectionCoefficient_Wdm2K</code> (baseline of the chosen type)</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>M07</code></td>
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<td><code>Mist</code></td>
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<td>baseline × <code>MistFloodConvectionRatio</code></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>M09</code></td>
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<td><code>Off</code></td>
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<td><code>OffConvectionCoefficient_Wdm2K</code></td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>Before the first M07/M08/M09 the mode is <code>UnDefined</code>; the FEM treats it as <code>Off</code>.</p>
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<p>For <strong>StandardForcedAir</strong> (dry cutting) the machine has no liquid circuit, so even <code>M08</code> only means “air blast on” — its flood baseline is an air-blast coefficient, not a liquid one.</p>
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<h2 id="what-each-shipped-file-sets">What each shipped file sets</h2>
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<p>Each shipped cooling type is also a static preset on <a class="xref" href="../../api/Hi.Physics.CoolantHeatCondition.html">CoolantHeatCondition</a><small>(API)</small> (<code>StandardForcedAir</code>, <code>StandardWaterSolubleCoolant</code>, <code>StandardOilBasedCoolant</code>) — the same pattern as <code>WorkpieceMaterial.Al6061T6</code>; the resource files are generated from them:</p>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Preset / file</th>
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<th>Flood baseline W/(m²·K)</th>
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<th>Mist ratio</th>
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<th>Off W/(m²·K)</th>
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<th>Temperature °C</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>StandardForcedAir</code></td>
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<td>100</td>
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<td>0.5</td>
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<td>50</td>
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<td>25</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>StandardWaterSolubleCoolant</code></td>
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<td>1 000</td>
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<td>0.5</td>
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<td>50</td>
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<td>25</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>StandardOilBasedCoolant</code></td>
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<td>300</td>
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<td>0.5</td>
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<td>50</td>
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<td>25</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>The baselines are engineering defaults from the literature ranges below; when you have dynamometer / thermocouple data for your own system, tune the fields and save your own file instead. API side: <code>ApplyPreset</code> copies a preset in place; <code>MatchStandardPreset</code> maps values back to a preset name.</p>
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<h2 id="properties">Properties</h2>
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<p>These are the fields shown under Name / Note in the Coolant panel:</p>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>Property</th>
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<th>Default</th>
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<th>Notes</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td><code>CoolantTemperature_C</code></td>
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<td>25</td>
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<td>Room temperature inside the enclosure.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>CoolantConvectionCoefficient_Wdm2K</code></td>
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<td>1 000</td>
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<td>Flood baseline. Water-based emulsion ≈ 1 000–3 000, oil ≈ 100–500, forced air ≈ 10–500.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>MistFloodConvectionRatio</code></td>
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<td>0.5</td>
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<td>MQL is roughly half the heat removal of flood. See below.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>OffConvectionCoefficient_Wdm2K</code></td>
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<td>50</td>
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<td>Forced air inside a running enclosure. Natural air ≈ 5–25.</td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><code>Name</code> / <code>Note</code></td>
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<td>—</td>
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<td>From the loaded file / preset; <strong>Save As…</strong> renames the condition after the file. Legacy projects without a name still work.</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<h2 id="why-the-mist-ratio-defaults-to-05">Why the mist ratio defaults to 0.5</h2>
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<p>MQL removes much less heat than flood because a thin oil aerosol has a tiny thermal mass; its main value is lubrication plus evaporative cooling, not convection. Industry handbooks place it at <strong>roughly half of flood</strong>, which gives the conservative default <code>0.5</code>. Override it when you have dynamometer / thermocouple data for your own MQL system.</p>
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<div class="NOTE">
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<h5>Note</h5>
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<p>Further reading: UNIST <em>MQL Handbook</em> (source of the “about half” rule), ANEBON mist-vs-flood AISI 1045 tests, Mukesh et al. <em>IEJ</em> May 2023 review on sustainable machining. Use these only to dig deeper — the <code>0.5</code> default is already calibrated from them.</p>
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</div>
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<h2 id="coolant-files-workpiecematerial-pattern">Coolant files (WorkpieceMaterial pattern)</h2>
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<p><code>MachiningEquipment.CoolantHeatConditionFile</code> tracks an optional <code>.CoolantHeatCondition</code> side-file, exactly like <code>Workpiece.WorkpieceMaterialFile</code> tracks a material file:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>No file (default):</strong> the condition serializes inline in the <code>.hincproj</code>, byte-compatible with pre-pattern readers.</li>
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<li><strong>File tracked:</strong> the project save externalizes the condition as <code><CoolantHeatCondition><XmlSource>relPath</XmlSource></CoolantHeatCondition></code> and (re)writes the side-file. Loading a file installs it in place of the current condition and records the reference (<code>XFactory.GenByFile<CoolantHeatCondition></code>); a file loaded from the resource folder is copied into the project on the next save (self-contained project root).</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="xml">XML</h2>
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<pre><code class="lang-xml"><CoolantHeatCondition>
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<Name>StandardOilBasedCoolant</Name>
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<Note>Oil-based cutting fluid (neat oil).</Note>
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<CoolantTemperature_C>25</CoolantTemperature_C>
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<CoolantConvectionCoefficient_Wdm2K>300</CoolantConvectionCoefficient_Wdm2K>
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<MistFloodConvectionRatio>0.5</MistFloodConvectionRatio>
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<OffConvectionCoefficient_Wdm2K>50</OffConvectionCoefficient_Wdm2K>
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</CoolantHeatCondition>
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</code></pre>
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<p><code>Name</code>/<code>Note</code> are optional (pre-preset files omit them); omit the last two elements to accept the defaults. The same element saved standalone is the <code>.CoolantHeatCondition</code> file format; inside a <code>.hincproj</code> it may instead appear as the <code><XmlSource></code> reference shown above.</p>
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<h2 id="see-also">See Also</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="../../manual/setup/coolant.html">Coolant</a> — picking a cooling type in the application, which is the whole of the end-user setup</li>
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<li><a class="xref" href="../../anatomy/general-setup/background-coolant.html">Background / Coolant Page</a> — the Control-Tree editor for these values, field by field</li>
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<li><a href="machinability.html">Process Machinability</a> — the thermal-yield ratio this model's temperatures feed</li>
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</ul>
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